Library | ESG issues
Climate Change
Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events. Major GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane primarily come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Key sectors contributing to emissions include energy, industry, transport, buildings, and land use, making mitigation and adaptation essential for environmental and economic stability.
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Weekly cat report: Review of global catastrophe activity
This series provides a weekly review of global catastrophe activity, covering meteorological events and preliminary financial loss estimates. It tracks natural disasters such as severe convective storms, flooding, and landslides across multiple regions to assist in risk assessment. This report is part of a regular series.
Optimal flood insurance in a second-best world: Fiscal spillovers, reclassification risk and moral hazard
This report evaluates the U.S. National Flood Insurance Program's transition to risk-based pricing. It finds that unintended consequences, such as increased ex post disaster spending and household exposure to climate uncertainty, outweigh moral hazard costs. The authors conclude that an optimal premium subsidy of 52% is required.
Systems stewardship: Managing interconnected climate risks for lasting value
This report examines how Australian investors apply systems stewardship to manage interconnected climate risks. It identifies key practices, such as collaborative engagement and policy advocacy, while highlighting barriers like resource constraints. Six recommendations are provided to help investors safeguard long-term returns and support a net-zero transition.
Why resilience starts with understanding extremes
Climate resilience requires understanding high-impact, low-probability tail risks. Rising temperatures are transforming extreme events into common occurrences. Using examples like the 2025 Los Angeles wildfires, this report advocates for assessing high-end warming scenarios and tipping points to evaluate the robustness of portfolios and assets against cascading physical risks.
Climate-related transition planning: Voluntary guidance
This voluntary guidance from the Australian Treasury helps organisations develop climate-related transition plans. It details a four-stage process—assessing position, setting ambitions, planning actions, and implementation—to manage risks and align with Australia’s net zero targets, building on international standards and domestic policy to enhance business resilience.
BSI Net Zero Barometer Report Series
This benchmark series examines the UK business landscape's transition to net zero. It tracks commitment levels, drivers, and barriers among senior decision-makers. The research explores how organisations are reframing sustainability as a commercial necessity and highlights the demand for government support, financial incentives, and standardised guidance to achieve 2050 targets.
Climate Risk Signals Explorer
The Climate Risk Signals Explorer is an AI-powered analytical tool by Climate Proof that tracks climate risk mentions in corporate earnings calls, helping finance professionals monitor physical and transition risks.
SUSREG annual report series
This benchmark series provides a comprehensive assessment of sustainable financial regulations and central banking activities. It tracks progress across global jurisdictions in integrating climate, environmental, and social risks within banking, insurance, and capital markets sectors, supporting the transition towards a net-zero and nature-positive global economy.
IBM Envizi Emissions
IBM Envizi Emissions is a data analytics platform and API that automates GHG Protocol-aligned emissions calculations. It enables organisations to integrate auditable ESG data into reporting workflows and performance management.
Guarantees: From misdiagnosis to strategic deployment: Evidence from expert practitioner interviews
This research examines why climate-aligned guarantees often fail to mobilise private capital effectively. It identifies structural misalignments within multilateral development banks and suggests that strategic deployment requires a move towards portfolio-based approaches, local-currency financing, and better risk layering to address specific investment constraints in emerging markets.
The Paris Agreement ten years later: Navigating climate uncertainty and tipping points
This research evaluates the Paris Agreement ten years on, highlighting critical implementation and ambition gaps. It identifies a triple-track crisis involving geophysical inertia, cognitive barriers, and policy lags. The report proposes a precautionary paradigm using technological and financial levers to navigate climate uncertainty and prevent irreversible tipping points.
How certain can we be about NGFS Climate Scenarios?
This research analyses uncertainty in Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS) climate scenarios across four vintages and 254 variables. It finds that revisions to initial conditions and model recalibration often exceed scenario and model uncertainty, requiring cautious interpretation in financial risk assessments.
Clean economic corridors in Africa: Integrating energy, industry, and transport for low carbon growth
This report examines the development of integrated energy-industry-transport corridors in Africa to foster low-carbon growth. It details strategies for decarbonising logistics and manufacturing, particularly in steel and cement. By linking industrial hubs with renewable energy, African nations can enhance regional trade, competitiveness, and sustainable economic development.
Industrial policies for multi-stage production: The battle for battery-powered vehicles
This research analyses industrial policies for the multi-stage electric vehicle supply chain. It evaluates consumer subsidies and local content requirements, finding that while protectionist measures expand domestic production, they can significantly increase costs and reduce overall adoption compared to unconditional subsidies that maximise scale economies.
Best practice transition plans for listed equity asset managers
Most listed equity managers now have a target. Fewer have a plan that shows how it will be met. By January 2024, 264 Net Zero Asset Managers signatories had had their targets reviewed. Method is no longer the hard part.
Disaster resilience scorecard for cities: Addendum for extreme heat risk management
An addendum to the Disaster Resilience Scorecard for Cities, this tool helps local governments assess and strengthen extreme heat risk management. It uses 18 indicators to evaluate governance, infrastructure, and financial planning to build long-term urban resilience against rising temperatures.
